GRG One-Pager

GRG One-Pager

Document Status and Current Reference

This page preserves an earlier formulation or research method. Its notation, formulas, and embedded demonstrations belong to that version and should not be treated as the specification of the current binary radial kernels.

Read the current formulation and its analytical verification. Historical performance statements and implementation behaviour require separate validation. Earlier references to circular constants remain in this historical document; they are not inputs to the current geometric kernel definitions.

GRG in One Page: π-Free Corridors, Benchmarks, and a Lean Mini-App

This single page addresses reviewer questions with concrete numbers, one minimal code box, and a practical validation plan. All constructions are turns-first and dyadic: b ∈ ℕ≥0, N = 2^b, step Δu = 2^{-(b+2)} = 1/(4N). We use only sums and square roots.

1) Worked example (r = 100) with certified circumference/area corridors

Let c_N be the unit-radius chord spanning an arc of 1/N turns. Starting from the square, c_4 = √2, we refine dyadically by a π-free half-angle step:

$$ c_{2N} \;=\; \sqrt{\,2 \;-\; 2\sqrt{\,1 - \tfrac{c_N^2}{4}\,}\,},\qquad c_4=\sqrt{2}. $$

With radius r, certified inscribed/circumscribed perimeters and areas are

$$ \begin{aligned} C_N^{-} &= N\,r\,c_N, \qquad t_N = \frac{c_N}{\sqrt{\,1-(\tfrac{c_N}{2})^2\,}}, \qquad C_N^{+} = N\,r\,t_N,\\[4pt] A_N^{-} &= \tfrac{1}{2}\,C_N^{-}\,\underbrace{r\sqrt{1-(\tfrac{c_N}{2})^2}}_{\text{apothem}},\qquad A_N^{+} = \tfrac{1}{2}\,C_N^{+}\,r. \end{aligned} $$

Hence a certified corridor for π:

$$ \pi \;\in\; \Big[\,\tfrac{C_N^{-}}{2r},\; \tfrac{C_N^{+}}{2r}\,\Big]. $$

Numeric results (r = 100; dyadic N)

NCN−CN+π corridorwidthmidAN−AN+
8612.2934918662.7416998[3.06146746 , 3.31370850]0.252241043.1875879828 284.271247533 137.0849898
16624.2890305636.5195756[3.12144515 , 3.18259788]0.061152733.1520215230 614.674589231 825.9787807
32627.3096981630.3449815[3.13654849 , 3.15172491]0.015176423.1441367031 214.451522631 517.2490743
64628.0662314628.8236770[3.14033116 , 3.14411839]0.003787233.1422247731 365.484905531 441.1838525
Certified corridors for circumference and area using only sums and square roots (r = 100).
Chord–Tangent–Apothem construction Unit circle with one edge of an N-gon: chord c, tangent t, and apothem a; all lengths obtained with square roots only. apothem cN tN
Chord (inscribed), tangent (circumscribed), and apothem define GRG corridors.

2) One minimal code box (Python) that reproduces the table

Drop-in, π-free implementation. Only square roots and sums via half-angle edge doubling.

# GRG: π-free corridors for circumference and area (dyadic N=2^b)
# r: radius; N: number of edges (dyadic)
import math

def c_dyadic(N):
    # start from square (N=4): c_4 = sqrt(2)
    if N & (N-1):
        raise ValueError("N must be a power of 2")
    if N < 4:
        raise ValueError("N must be >= 4")
    c = math.sqrt(2.0)
    n = 4
    while n < N:
        c = math.sqrt(2.0 - 2.0*math.sqrt(1.0 - 0.25*c*c))
        n *= 2
    return c  # unit radius

def corridors(r=100.0, b_list=(3,4,5,6)):
    out = []
    for b in b_list:
        N = 2**b
        c = c_dyadic(N)
        t = c / math.sqrt(1.0 - (0.5*c)**2)  # computed π-free
        C_minus = N * r * c
        C_plus  = N * r * t
        apothem = r * math.sqrt(1.0 - (0.5*c)**2)
        A_minus = 0.5 * C_minus * apothem
        A_plus  = 0.5 * C_plus  * r
        pi_lo, pi_hi = C_minus/(2*r), C_plus/(2*r)
        out.append(dict(N=N, C_minus=C_minus, C_plus=C_plus,
                        A_minus=A_minus, A_plus=A_plus,
                        pi_low=pi_lo, pi_high=pi_hi,
                        width=pi_hi-pi_lo, mid=0.5*(pi_hi+pi_lo)))
    return out

if __name__ == "__main__":
    for row in corridors():
        print(row)

Why this matters: Reviewers asked for “real code.” The snippet above is reference-grade and numerically stable for dyadic N in double precision.

3) Mini-calculator (in-page): corridor and area, π-free

Try different radii and resolutions. The calculator only uses the recursion above (no trigonometric calls).

4) External validation: baselines, datasets, metrics

4.1 Baselines

  • Geometry: regular polygon perimeter/area via trig (reference), rasterization by angular stepping, standard kernel approximations.
  • Optics: Zernike-based phase optimization (asphere/phase plate) and uniform samplers; compare against GRG dyadic turns.
  • Chemistry: radial distribution (isotropic) vs. anisotropic stress tests; compare GRG dyadic shells to uniform/log binning.

4.2 Datasets and tasks

  • Circles/Spheres: circumference/area/volume corridors at fixed sample budgets.
  • Optical toy problem: paraxial lenslet: maximize on-axis MTF at a target spatial frequency under a fixed simulator budget.
  • Chemical toy problem: radial distribution functions with/without anisotropy; report L_2 error vs. a high-precision reference.

4.3 Metrics and stats

  • Error vs budget: corridor width or absolute error vs. number of samples.
  • Time vs accuracy: seconds to reach a target error.
  • Robustness: worst-case error across seeds; bootstrap CI.

5) Scalability and complexity

Cost: computing c_N is O(log N) half-angle steps; producing C_N^{±}, A_N^{±} is O(1).

Beyond circles/spheres: For radially defined profiles, GRG’s dyadic turns yield nested certified bounds. For anisotropy, use a wedge-stratified scheme: split [0,1) turns into dyadic wedges and apply GRG within each wedge; corridors add up across wedges.

6) GRG Mini-App: current status and UI notes

  • Scope: live computation of C_N^{±}, A_N^{±}, π corridor, and dyadic overlays (“inscribed polygon preview”, “row layout”).
  • Roadmap: public demo + short tutorial video; CSV export of computed corridors; copy-paste of the Python above.
  • Accessibility: keyboard-operable sliders for b, ARIA live regions on numeric outputs (as in the mini-calculator).

7) What to expect next

  • Open-source drop: the single Python file (MIT/BSD-3) + tiny unit tests.
  • Benchmarks: publish results vs. Zernike and uniform samplers on the toy problems; scripts and seeds included.
  • Papers & talks: π-free corridor proofs, dyadic error scaling, wedge-stratified anisotropy experiments.

8) Optics: toy MTF setup (micro-section)

This toy problem shows how GRG guides sampling while any preferred field solver evaluates performance. We optimize a rotationally symmetric height profile under a fixed evaluation budget.

8.1 Objective

$$ \text{maximize}\;\; \mathrm{MTF}(f_0) \;=\; \big|\mathrm{OTF}(f_0)\big|, \qquad \mathrm{OTF} = \mathcal{F}\{\mathrm{PSF}\} $$

Constraints: height range (manufacturability), smoothness (bounded second difference), and a hard cap on simulator calls.

8.2 GRG sampling policy

  • Choose dyadic level b; sample radii on N=2^b turns (rings). For anisotropic stress tests, split the pupil into dyadic wedges and apply the same policy per wedge.
  • At each refinement, reuse prior evaluations (nested design), cutting waste in flat regions.

8.3 Budget-fair comparison

  • Compare against equal-angle and equal-arc samplers at the same number of simulator calls.
  • Report \Delta \mathrm{MTF} = \mathrm{MTF}_{\text{GRG}} - \mathrm{MTF}_{\text{baseline}} and time-to-target MTF.

8.4 Reproducibility hook

The π-free recursion and nested sampling policy above serve as the public spec. A scalar paraxial PSF/OTF evaluator—or your preferred solver—can be dropped in without altering the sampling design.

Critical FAQ

Critical FAQ

Critical FAQ — Generative Radial Geometry (GRG)

This FAQ clarifies how GRG treats circular geometry using turns (period-1 angles) and chords in a discrete, inside-out manner. Classical constants reappear as limits; they are not assumed as inputs.

What does “without π” really mean?

We do not claim a “π-less Euclidean geometry.” In GRG, π is not imported as a primitive; it emerges from a refinement process. At finite $N$, lengths and areas are computed with algebra (products and radicals) using turns and chords—no radians or pre-baked trig tables are required. In the limit, the classical constants reappear exactly.

Notation: let $s(u)$ denote the sine in turns, i.e. $s(u)=\sin(2\pi u)$. The chord corresponding to a step of $1/N$ turns on a circle of radius $R$ is

$$ s_N(R)\;=\;2R\,s\!\Bigl(\tfrac{1}{2N}\Bigr)\;=\;2R\,\sin\!\Bigl(\tfrac{\pi}{N}\Bigr). $$

Then the inscribed $N$-gon perimeter $P_N$ and area $A_N$ are

$$ P_N(R) \;=\; N\,s_N(R), \qquad A_N(R) \;=\; \frac{N}{4}\,s_N(R)\,\sqrt{\,4R^2 - s_N(R)^{2}\,}. $$

Consequently, π is determined by the limits

$$ \pi \;=\; \lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{P_N(R)}{2R} \;=\; \lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{A_N(R)}{R^{2}}. $$

Numerical sanity check (unit circle): $A_4=2.000$, $A_{12}=3.000$, $A_{128}\approx 3.1403$ — monotone convergence with error $O(N^{-2})$.

Isn’t this just numerical integration with a different skin?

  • Radial partition: pieces are internal chords/projections (not rectangular strips), naturally adapted to circular/elliptic symmetry.
  • Closed forms at finite $N$: for many $N$ (notably dyadics) you get nested radicals from geometric bisections—exact symbolic values, not only floats.
  • Monotone bounds & rate: inscribed/circumscribed constructions give clean bounds; the error decays like $O(N^{-2})$.
  • One grammar, many shapes: the same operators scale from rough to fine and extend to circles, ellipses, and spheres without changing the language.

So what is actually new?

The novelty is methodological and pedagogical: a single, discrete, inside-out grammar (turns, chords, projections) that does not import π/radians/trig as primitives, yet recovers them in the limit. Archimedean ideas are acknowledged; GRG reframes them for modern discrete computation and teaching.

Why do some diagrams mention “90°” if GRG uses turns?

Turns ($u\in[0,1)$) are the formal unit. Occasional “90°” labels are didactic visual cues for a quarter turn. All definitions and formulas are stated in turns and internal measures.

Pedagogical & computational takeaways

  • Conceptual clarity: learners see π emerge from an internal process rather than being assumed.
  • Computational simplicity: increase only $N$ to refine accuracy; same grammar from coarse to fine.
  • Extensibility: the approach transfers to ellipses and spheres with minimal changes to the operators.

Rate vs. step (dyadics)

With dyadic refinement $N=2^{b}$ (where $b$ is the number of bisections/bits), the turn step and the error scale as

$$ \Delta u \;=\; \frac{1}{N} \;=\; 2^{-b} $$
$$ \text{err}(P_N),\ \text{err}(A_N)\;=\;O\!\big((\Delta u)^2\big)\;=\;O\!\big(2^{-2b}\big). $$

Interactive: inscribed polygon and convergence

Use the slider to vary $N$ on the unit circle ($R=1$). For an inscribed $N$-gon, both $P_N$ and $A_N$ are monotone increasing and stay below the true values ($2\pi$ and $\pi$).


12
Inscribed N-gon and chord on the unit circle A circle of radius 1 with an inscribed regular polygon of N sides; a highlighted chord shows s_N.
Inscribed $N$-gon; chord $s_N=2\sin(\pi/N)$. Increase $N$ to see $P_N\!\nearrow 2\pi$ and $A_N\!\nearrow \pi$.

Computed (unit circle): $s_N=\;$—, $P_N=\;$—, $A_N=\;$—. Relative errors: $\tfrac{2\pi-P_N}{2\pi}=\;$—, $\tfrac{\pi-A_N}{\pi}=\;$—.

Dyadic refinement note: with $b\in\mathbb{N}_{\ge 0}$, $N=2^{b}$ gives especially clean nested-radical evaluations; quarter sampling uses $\Delta u=\tfrac{1}{4N}=2^{-b-2}$.

Floating metallic ring casting mismatched shadows on digital planes (perspective can mislead)

Paradigm Shift — Core Framing

GRG invites a change of lens: do not chase π; see the circle. Compute with the geometry directly (turns, dyadic refinement, additive projections). Where π appears, read it as a signature of circular symmetry — not a prerequisite for calculation.

Myths & Facts

  • Myth: “You must use π to define or measure a circle.”
    Fact: GRG generates and measures the circle via a radial sweep with additive projections. π is a shadow of circular symmetry, not the ingredient.
  • Myth: “Discrete means coarse.”
    Fact: In GRG, discrete means targeted precision. You choose the resolution appropriate to purpose; refine dyadically when needed.
  • Myth: “Turns are just degrees renamed.”
    Fact: Turns compose cleanly with dyadic refinement and quarter-turn sampling, matching how GRG computes.

Short Answers (for the critical reader)

Q1. If π shows up in unrelated places (Wallis, ζ(2), Euler), what does GRG say?

Where π appears, a circular/rotational structure is at work — sometimes implicitly. GRG computes from the cause (the circle), then reads π as the signature of that structure, not as a required input.

Q2. How does GRG handle accuracy without limits or π-digits?

By resolution. You pick dyadic refinement and recompute; the method is stable and uniform across refinements. Precision is a knob, not an infinite chase.

Q3. Why “turns” first?

Because one full rotation is 1, halves and quarters are exact dyadic fractions, and sampling on a quarter-turn aligns with GRG’s construction.

Turns & Dyadic (at a glance)

$$ b \in \mathbb{N}_{\ge 0}, \quad N = 2^{\,b}, \quad \Delta u = 2^{-\,b-2}\ \text{(quarter-turn sampling)}. $$

Increase b to double the resolution — same procedure, tighter result.

Go deeper

Perspective marker Circle and two shadows indicating change of perspective. See the Paradigm Shift

Prefer a quick recap of objections? Read the myths above, then continue with the full Critical FAQ below.

GRG — Objective Evaluation & FAQ

Generative Radial Geometry (GRG): reproducible results, comparisons with classical geometry, and clear answers to common objections.

  • Discrete-first construction
  • Product-only 2D
  • Turns (fractions of a full turn)

Principle: verifiable radial constructions

In GRG the radius is the generative object. Circumference and area emerge from radial sums over discrete turns. No claim of infallibility: for finite N the error is controlled; in the limit we recover classical values.

Ellipse — circumference error (log scale) Line chart of error vs N on a logarithmic vertical axis, using inline SVG with no external libraries.
Figure — Ellipse circumference error; expected order ≈ 2.

⬇️ CSV 🔗 Notebook

Sphere — surface area error (log scale) Line chart of error vs N on a logarithmic vertical axis for sphere area via latitude rings (midpoint).
Figure — Sphere surface area error; expected order ≈ 2.

⬇️ CSV 🔗 Notebook

Circle — exactness at finite N

For a circle of radius R, radial sums for circumference and area are (machine-)exact for any N: the integrand is constant, so rectangle/trapezoid rules reproduce the exact integral.

⬇️ Circle circumference CSV ⬇️ Area (circle/ellipse) CSV

Methods (concise, rigorous)

  • 2D area: A \approx \tfrac{1}{2}\sum \rho(\theta_k)^2\,\Delta\theta.
  • Perimeter: L \approx \sum \sqrt{\rho_k^2 + \big(\tfrac{\Delta\rho}{\Delta\theta}\big)_k^2}\,\Delta\theta.
  • Sphere: A \approx \sum 2\pi R^2 \sin(\phi_j)\,\Delta\phi (midpoint).
  • Order: O(N^{-2}) for periodic C^2 integrands (trapezoids/midpoints).
$$ \text{Turns-first:}\quad b \in \mathbb{N}_{\ge 0},\quad N = 2^{\,b},\quad \Delta u = 2^{-b-2} $$

Frequently Asked Questions

“Are you just approximating π in another way?”

Yes, but with a constructive and controlled method: some quantities (circle) are exact at finite N; for smooth periodic integrands the error decays as O(N^{-2}). π reappears as a property, not as an input.

“What is the error order?”

With the trapezoidal rule on a uniform periodic grid and a C^2 integrand, we get O(N^{-2}). See charts and CSVs.

“Does it work in 3D?”

For the sphere, midpoint latitude-ring summation converges to 4\pi R^2 with order ≈ 2. Generic surfaces require metric extensions.

“When should I avoid GRG?”

Non–star-convex shapes and complex surfaces may need multi-valued \rho(\theta) or alternative parameterizations; classical/hybrid methods can be preferable there.

“Where are the code and data?”

This demo links the CSVs of our experiments. For public replication, attach a repository (e.g., Zenodo DOI) and a notebook that regenerates all figures.

Datasets & CSVs

© Generative Radial Geometry — Demo page for objective assessment and addressing concerns.

Guidelines

GRG Documentation Guidelines

Describe the construction through its geometric definitions. Use plain language, explicit hypotheses, and reproducible evidence.

Current Formulas

Use geometric lengths and ratios. Keep circular constants outside the construction’s formulas and numerical kernel. Explicit computational comparisons may use reference constants, with their role clearly stated.

Claims and Evidence

Distinguish definitions, proved statements, numerical observations, proposals, and applications. Do not claim efficiency, numerical stability, exact hardware arithmetic, or originality without supporting evidence.

Versioning

Identify historical formulations and retain their provenance. The binary radial formulation is the current two-dimensional reference.

Presentation

Keep site content in English. Provide accessible diagram descriptions, readable mathematical displays, and verified links. Avoid polemical slogans and comparisons that imply an unmeasured advantage.

Publications

Publications

Publications and Research References

This page identifies documented GRG material and distinguishes it from publication plans. Website articles are research documentation; they are not, by themselves, evidence of peer review.

Current Formulation

External Research Records

GRG community on Zenodo and Stefano Ferragina’s ORCID record provide entry points to external records. A community link or an ORCID identifier is not a DOI for this formulation.

Citation

For a website citation, use the author, exact article title, article URL, access date, and the version being discussed. Use a publication DOI only when its landing page has been checked against the actual work and version.

Publication Status

Previous manuscript lists and citation templates have been withdrawn from this page as unverified placeholders. Manuscripts, datasets, and software releases will be listed with their actual status and persistent links after verification.

Results

Results

Results and Verification

This page separates analytical results from numerical illustrations and performance measurements.

Analytical Results

The current binary radial formulation defines regular chord–tangent sectors and gives exact-arithmetic proofs of second-order error for arithmetic kernels and fourth-order error for the weighted circumference and area kernels. It also proves an area bracket for the defined regular sectors.

These statements have specific geometric hypotheses. They do not establish numerical exactness at finite resolution, hardware stability, originality, or superiority over other methods.

Numerical Checks

Numerical evaluations may check consistency with the analytical results. A publishable record must include the generating procedure, radius, sector count, precision, reference definition, raw output, and executable code.

Performance Results

The former gallery mixed example cards with timing figures and incomplete dataset records. Those figures are not retained as validated performance results. No measured efficiency advantage is established by this page.

Performance results will be added when complete reproducible evidence is available under the comparison protocol.