Limitations

Limitations

Sep 13, 2025

Scope and Limitations

What the Current Proofs Cover

The current circle kernels use regular symmetric sectors and specific internal and external triangles. Their convergence results assume exact arithmetic and fixed radius.

What Requires Separate Verification

Floating-point and fixed-point stability, computational efficiency, general curves, nonconvex geometry, holes, adaptive sampling, and three-dimensional constructions require their own specifications and evidence.

Refinement

Increasing geometric resolution does not guarantee increasing numerical accuracy indefinitely. Cancellation, quantisation, and underflow or overflow may limit an implementation.

Historical Methods

Cartesian projection and trapezoidal methods have different sampling and endpoint behaviour. Their error rates must not be inferred from the angular kernel proofs.

Research Claims

The existence of a coherent formulation and a valid error proof does not establish original authorship of a local weighting or superiority over alternative implementations.

Current definitions and verification.

Continuous

Continuous

Sep 12, 2025

GRG — Continuous Model

Continuous Model: Radial Fields, Well-posedness & Stability

Category: Generative Radial Geometry (GRG)

We describe a continuous model that interprets GRG’s inside-out construction as integral curves of a center-seeded field on a domain Ω ⊂ ℝ². Let the seed be s ∈ Ω. For any point x ≠ s define the unit radial direction er(x) = (x−s)/‖x−s‖ and a tangential direction et(x) orthogonal to er. The guidance field blends radial and tangential components.

Radial Guidance Field

The model uses a field F: Ω\\{s} → ℝ² with radial bias

$$ \mathbf{F}(x) \;=\; a(x)\, \mathbf{e}_r(x) \;+\; b(x)\, \mathbf{e}_t(x), \qquad a(x) > 0 $$

Integral curves γ(τ) solve

$$ \dot{\gamma}(\tau) \;=\; \mathbf{F}\big(\gamma(\tau)\big), \qquad \gamma(0)=x_0,\quad x_0\in\Omega\setminus\{s\} $$

Each turn-angle u ∈ [0,1) selects an initial direction, producing a family of trajectories that reach the boundary. The discrete GRG construction samples these trajectories at uniform steps in turns.

Well-posedness

  • Existence & Uniqueness. If F is locally Lipschitz on Ω\\{s} then trajectories starting away from the seed have local existence and uniqueness while they remain in that domain. Global continuation and boundary arrival require additional hypotheses.
  • Termination. Trajectories stop when they hit ∂Ω. Dirichlet-type constraints prescribe a target boundary, while Neumann-type constraints control flux through ∂Ω.

Stability to Perturbations

If F has Lipschitz constant L, perturbing the seed by ε yields trajectories with deviation bounded by

$$ \|\gamma_\varepsilon(\tau) - \gamma(\tau)\| \;\le\; C\,\varepsilon\, e^{L\tau} $$

In practice we keep L moderate via smoothing of a(x), b(x) and by capping curvature of trajectories.

Regularization & Safety

  • Step lower bound. Minimum angular step Δu_{\min} to avoid local collapse.
  • Curvature damping. Add −λ\,κ(\gamma)\,\mathbf{e}_t to reduce spiraling near thin features.
  • Line-search. Backtrack the last advance if distance to boundary decreases below a threshold.

Multi-Seed and Holes

For non-simply connected domains or shapes with holes we blend fields from auxiliary seeds s_i with weights w_i(x):

$$ \mathbf{F}(x) \;=\; \sum_{i=1}^{m} w_i(x)\,\Big(a_i(x)\,\mathbf{e}_r^{(i)}(x) + b_i(x)\,\mathbf{e}_t^{(i)}(x)\Big), \qquad \sum_i w_i(x)=1,\ \ w_i(x)\ge 0 $$

Hole guards choose weights that vanish across cut-loci to prevent ambiguous paths.

Discrete Connection

Sampling each trajectory at uniform steps in turns yields the GRG primitives used for chord sums and radial strips. The continuous model justifies convergence as resolution increases. With turns-first sampling and dyadic refinement, the discrete GRG primitives converge monotonically as b increases.

Radial field with boundary, hole guard and trajectories Center-seeded field with trajectories to the boundary, auxiliary seed for a hole, and example paths. s (seed) aux seed ∂Ω hole guard
Center-seeded field with trajectories to the boundary, auxiliary seed for a hole, and example paths.

Practical Defaults

  • Field coefficients. a(x)=1 near the seed, tapering to maintain stable speed; b(x) small and smooth to avoid spirals.
  • Adaptive control. Increase samples where the curvature proxy exceeds a threshold; cap Δu.
  • Refinement (dyadic). Use the dyadic level b ∈ ℕ≥0 with N = 2^b samples and step Δu = 2^{-b}; increasing b yields monotone refinement.
  • Reconstruction. Quarter symmetry reconstructs the full figure; multi-seed blending covers non-simply connected domains.